Research Methodology

The research methodology employed has been subjected by numerous procedures in order to guarantee the quality and accuracy of the data contained within the reports. The analysts are employed full-time and received more than six months training to satisfy the standard of our company. Our methodology can be divided into five stages:

★Stage 1 SECONDARY RESEARCH

The research team first collaborates with magazines, trade associations and administrative departments in the research field. The information provided by our internal documentation service is helpful for our further research. Our team has a wealth of experience and knowledge, and can effectively extract accurate information from existing resources.

★Stage 2 PRIMARY RESEARCH:INTERVIEWS WITH TRADE SOURCES

After the first stage, the research team conducts a large number of face-to-face or telephone interviews with representative companies working in the research field. Analysts are trying to have an opportunity to talk to leading companies and small companies in the field. Upstream suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, importers, installers, wholesalers and consumers were included in the interview. The data collected during the interview were then carefully examined and compared with the secondary study.

★Stage 3 ANALYSIS OF THE GATHERED DATA

The analysis team examines and synthesizes the data collected in the first two stages. In order to validate the data, a second round of interviews can be conducted.

★Stage 4 QUANTITATIVE DATA

The quantitative data such as market estimates, production and capacity of manufacturer, market forecasts and investment feasibility is provided by our company. The data is based on the estimates obtained during stage 3.

★Stage 5 QUALITY CONTROL

Before publishing, each report undergoes a rigorous review and editing process, which is done by the experience management team to ensure the reliability of the published data. Every analyst on the research team receives support and continuous training as part of our internal quality process.

1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global Audio Processing Service Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
1.2.2 Amplitude Domain Processing
1.2.3 Frequency Domain Processing
1.2.4 Time Domain Processing
1.2.5 Spatial Domain Processing
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Audio Processing Service Market Growth by Application: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
1.3.2 Education and Training
1.3.3 Advertising
1.3.4 Communications
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Audio Processing Service Market Perspective (2021–2032)
2.2 Global Audio Processing Service Growth Trends by Region
2.2.1 Global Audio Processing Service Market Size by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
2.2.2 Audio Processing Service Historic Market Size by Region (2021–2026)
2.2.3 Audio Processing Service Forecasted Market Size by Region (2027–2032)
2.3 Audio Processing Service Market Dynamics
2.3.1 Audio Processing Service Industry Trends
2.3.2 Audio Processing Service Market Drivers
2.3.3 Audio Processing Service Market Challenges
2.3.4 Audio Processing Service Market Restraints
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
3.1 Global Top Audio Processing Service Players by Revenue
3.1.1 Global Top Audio Processing Service Players by Revenue (2021–2026)
3.1.2 Global Audio Processing Service Revenue Market Share by Players (2021–2026)
3.2 Global Top Audio Processing Service Players Market Share by Company Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3)
3.3 Global Key Players Ranking by Audio Processing Service Revenue
3.4 Global Audio Processing Service Market Concentration Ratio
3.4.1 Global Audio Processing Service Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Audio Processing Service Revenue in 2025
3.5 Global Key Players of Audio Processing Service Head Offices and Areas Served
3.6 Global Key Players of Audio Processing Service, Products and Applications
3.7 Global Key Players of Audio Processing Service, Date of General Availability (GA)
3.8 Mergers and Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Audio Processing Service Breakdown Data by Type
4.1 Global Audio Processing Service Historic Market Size by Type (2021–2026)
4.2 Global Audio Processing Service Forecasted Market Size by Type (2027–2032)
5 Audio Processing Service Breakdown Data by Application
5.1 Global Audio Processing Service Historic Market Size by Application (2021–2026)
5.2 Global Audio Processing Service Forecasted Market Size by Application (2027–2032)
6 North America
6.1 North America Audio Processing Service Market Size (2021–2032)
6.2 North America Audio Processing Service Market Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
6.3 North America Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (2021–2026)
6.4 North America Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (2027–2032)
6.5 United States
6.6 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Audio Processing Service Market Size (2021–2032)
7.2 Europe Audio Processing Service Market Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
7.3 Europe Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (2021–2026)
7.4 Europe Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (2027–2032)
7.5 Germany
7.6 France
7.7 U.K.
7.8 Italy
7.9 Russia
7.10 Ireland
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Audio Processing Service Market Size (2021–2032)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Audio Processing Service Market Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
8.3 Asia-Pacific Audio Processing Service Market Size by Region (2021–2026)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Audio Processing Service Market Size by Region (2027–2032)
8.5 China
8.6 Japan
8.7 South Korea
8.8 Southeast Asia
8.9 India
8.10 Australia & New Zealand
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Audio Processing Service Market Size (2021–2032)
9.2 Latin America Audio Processing Service Market Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
9.3 Latin America Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (2021–2026)
9.4 Latin America Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (2027–2032)
9.5 Mexico
9.6 Brazil
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Audio Processing Service Market Size (2021–2032)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Audio Processing Service Market Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
10.3 Middle East & Africa Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (2021–2026)
10.4 Middle East & Africa Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (2027–2032)
10.5 Israel
10.6 Saudi Arabia
10.7 UAE
11 Key Players Profiles
11.1 Procure International, Inc.
11.1.1 Procure International, Inc. Company Details
11.1.2 Procure International, Inc. Business Overview
11.1.3 Procure International, Inc. Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.1.4 Procure International, Inc. Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.1.5 Procure International, Inc. Recent Development
11.2 DAC.digital
11.2.1 DAC.digital Company Details
11.2.2 DAC.digital Business Overview
11.2.3 DAC.digital Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.2.4 DAC.digital Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.2.5 DAC.digital Recent Development
11.3 Creation Networks
11.3.1 Creation Networks Company Details
11.3.2 Creation Networks Business Overview
11.3.3 Creation Networks Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.3.4 Creation Networks Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.3.5 Creation Networks Recent Development
11.4 THAT Corporation
11.4.1 THAT Corporation Company Details
11.4.2 THAT Corporation Business Overview
11.4.3 THAT Corporation Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.4.4 THAT Corporation Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.4.5 THAT Corporation Recent Development
11.5 Crunchbase
11.5.1 Crunchbase Company Details
11.5.2 Crunchbase Business Overview
11.5.3 Crunchbase Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.5.4 Crunchbase Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.5.5 Crunchbase Recent Development
11.6 Orban
11.6.1 Orban Company Details
11.6.2 Orban Business Overview
11.6.3 Orban Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.6.4 Orban Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.6.5 Orban Recent Development
11.7 Digital Audio Technologies
11.7.1 Digital Audio Technologies Company Details
11.7.2 Digital Audio Technologies Business Overview
11.7.3 Digital Audio Technologies Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.7.4 Digital Audio Technologies Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.7.5 Digital Audio Technologies Recent Development
11.8 New Audio Technology
11.8.1 New Audio Technology Company Details
11.8.2 New Audio Technology Business Overview
11.8.3 New Audio Technology Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.8.4 New Audio Technology Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.8.5 New Audio Technology Recent Development
11.9 Cirrus Logic
11.9.1 Cirrus Logic Company Details
11.9.2 Cirrus Logic Business Overview
11.9.3 Cirrus Logic Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.9.4 Cirrus Logic Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.9.5 Cirrus Logic Recent Development
11.10 Audioscenic
11.10.1 Audioscenic Company Details
11.10.2 Audioscenic Business Overview
11.10.3 Audioscenic Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.10.4 Audioscenic Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.10.5 Audioscenic Recent Development
11.11 Lawo
11.11.1 Lawo Company Details
11.11.2 Lawo Business Overview
11.11.3 Lawo Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.11.4 Lawo Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.11.5 Lawo Recent Development
11.12 ROHM Semiconductor
11.12.1 ROHM Semiconductor Company Details
11.12.2 ROHM Semiconductor Business Overview
11.12.3 ROHM Semiconductor Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.12.4 ROHM Semiconductor Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.12.5 ROHM Semiconductor Recent Development
11.13 Dynamic Source Manufacturing.
11.13.1 Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Company Details
11.13.2 Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Business Overview
11.13.3 Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Audio Processing Service Introduction
11.13.4 Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
11.13.5 Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Recent Development
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Key Players of Amplitude Domain Processing
Table 3. Key Players of Frequency Domain Processing
Table 4. Key Players of Time Domain Processing
Table 5. Key Players of Spatial Domain Processing
Table 6. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 7. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 8. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size by Region (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 9. Global Audio Processing Service Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 10. Global Audio Processing Service Forecasted Market Size by Region (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 11. Global Audio Processing Service Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 12. Audio Processing Service Market Trends
Table 13. Audio Processing Service Market Drivers
Table 14. Audio Processing Service Market Challenges
Table 15. Audio Processing Service Market Restraints
Table 16. Global Audio Processing Service Revenue by Players (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 17. Global Audio Processing Service Market Share by Players (2021–2026)
Table 18. Global Top Audio Processing Service Players by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), based on Audio Processing Service Revenue, 2025
Table 19. Ranking of Global Top Audio Processing Service Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2025
Table 20. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Audio Processing Service Revenue (CR5 and HHI), 2021–2026
Table 21. Global Key Players of Audio Processing Service, Headquarters and Area Served
Table 22. Global Key Players of Audio Processing Service, Products and Applications
Table 23. Global Key Players of Audio Processing Service, Date of General Availability (GA)
Table 24. Mergers and Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 25. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 26. Global Audio Processing Service Revenue Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 27. Global Audio Processing Service Forecasted Market Size by Type (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 28. Global Audio Processing Service Revenue Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 29. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 30. Global Audio Processing Service Revenue Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 31. Global Audio Processing Service Forecasted Market Size by Application (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 32. Global Audio Processing Service Revenue Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 33. North America Audio Processing Service Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 34. North America Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 35. North America Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 36. Europe Audio Processing Service Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 37. Europe Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 38. Europe Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 39. Asia-Pacific Audio Processing Service Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 40. Asia-Pacific Audio Processing Service Market Size by Region (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 41. Asia-Pacific Audio Processing Service Market Size by Region (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 42. Latin America Audio Processing Service Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 43. Latin America Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 44. Latin America Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 45. Middle East & Africa Audio Processing Service Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 46. Middle East & Africa Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 47. Middle East & Africa Audio Processing Service Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 48. Procure International, Inc. Company Details
Table 49. Procure International, Inc. Business Overview
Table 50. Procure International, Inc. Audio Processing Service Product
Table 51. Procure International, Inc. Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 52. Procure International, Inc. Recent Development
Table 53. DAC.digital Company Details
Table 54. DAC.digital Business Overview
Table 55. DAC.digital Audio Processing Service Product
Table 56. DAC.digital Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 57. DAC.digital Recent Development
Table 58. Creation Networks Company Details
Table 59. Creation Networks Business Overview
Table 60. Creation Networks Audio Processing Service Product
Table 61. Creation Networks Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 62. Creation Networks Recent Development
Table 63. THAT Corporation Company Details
Table 64. THAT Corporation Business Overview
Table 65. THAT Corporation Audio Processing Service Product
Table 66. THAT Corporation Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 67. THAT Corporation Recent Development
Table 68. Crunchbase Company Details
Table 69. Crunchbase Business Overview
Table 70. Crunchbase Audio Processing Service Product
Table 71. Crunchbase Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 72. Crunchbase Recent Development
Table 73. Orban Company Details
Table 74. Orban Business Overview
Table 75. Orban Audio Processing Service Product
Table 76. Orban Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 77. Orban Recent Development
Table 78. Digital Audio Technologies Company Details
Table 79. Digital Audio Technologies Business Overview
Table 80. Digital Audio Technologies Audio Processing Service Product
Table 81. Digital Audio Technologies Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 82. Digital Audio Technologies Recent Development
Table 83. New Audio Technology Company Details
Table 84. New Audio Technology Business Overview
Table 85. New Audio Technology Audio Processing Service Product
Table 86. New Audio Technology Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 87. New Audio Technology Recent Development
Table 88. Cirrus Logic Company Details
Table 89. Cirrus Logic Business Overview
Table 90. Cirrus Logic Audio Processing Service Product
Table 91. Cirrus Logic Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 92. Cirrus Logic Recent Development
Table 93. Audioscenic Company Details
Table 94. Audioscenic Business Overview
Table 95. Audioscenic Audio Processing Service Product
Table 96. Audioscenic Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 97. Audioscenic Recent Development
Table 98. Lawo Company Details
Table 99. Lawo Business Overview
Table 100. Lawo Audio Processing Service Product
Table 101. Lawo Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 102. Lawo Recent Development
Table 103. ROHM Semiconductor Company Details
Table 104. ROHM Semiconductor Business Overview
Table 105. ROHM Semiconductor Audio Processing Service Product
Table 106. ROHM Semiconductor Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 107. ROHM Semiconductor Recent Development
Table 108. Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Company Details
Table 109. Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Business Overview
Table 110. Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Audio Processing Service Product
Table 111. Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Revenue in Audio Processing Service Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 112. Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Recent Development
Table 113. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 114. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 115. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 116. Authors List of This Report


List of Figures
Figure 1. Audio Processing Service Picture
Figure 2. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size Comparison by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Audio Processing Service Market Share by Type: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 4. Amplitude Domain Processing Features
Figure 5. Frequency Domain Processing Features
Figure 6. Time Domain Processing Features
Figure 7. Spatial Domain Processing Features
Figure 8. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 9. Global Audio Processing Service Market Share by Application: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 10. Education and Training Case Studies
Figure 11. Advertising Case Studies
Figure 12. Communications Case Studies
Figure 13. Others Case Studies
Figure 14. Audio Processing Service Report Years Considered
Figure 15. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2021–2032
Figure 16. Global Audio Processing Service Market Size, (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 17. Global Audio Processing Service Market Share by Region: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 18. Global Audio Processing Service Market Share by Players in 2025
Figure 19. Global Audio Processing Service Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
Figure 20. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Audio Processing Service Revenue in 2025
Figure 21. North America Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 22. North America Audio Processing Service Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 23. United States Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 24. Canada Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 25. Europe Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 26. Europe Audio Processing Service Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 27. Germany Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 28. France Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 29. U.K. Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 30. Italy Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 31. Russia Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 32. Ireland Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 33. Asia-Pacific Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 34. Asia-Pacific Audio Processing Service Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 35. China Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 36. Japan Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 37. South Korea Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 38. Southeast Asia Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 39. India Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 40. Australia & New Zealand Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 41. Latin America Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 42. Latin America Audio Processing Service Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 43. Mexico Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 44. Brazil Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 46. Middle East & Africa Audio Processing Service Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 47. Israel Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 48. Saudi Arabia Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 49. UAE Audio Processing Service Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 50. Procure International, Inc. Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 51. DAC.digital Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 52. Creation Networks Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 53. THAT Corporation Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 54. Crunchbase Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 55. Orban Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 56. Digital Audio Technologies Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 57. New Audio Technology Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 58. Cirrus Logic Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 59. Audioscenic Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 60. Lawo Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 61. ROHM Semiconductor Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 62. Dynamic Source Manufacturing. Revenue Growth Rate in Audio Processing Service Business (2021–2026)
Figure 63. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 64. Data Triangulation
Figure 65. Key Executives Interviewed