Research Methodology

The research methodology employed has been subjected by numerous procedures in order to guarantee the quality and accuracy of the data contained within the reports. The analysts are employed full-time and received more than six months training to satisfy the standard of our company. Our methodology can be divided into five stages:

★Stage 1 SECONDARY RESEARCH

The research team first collaborates with magazines, trade associations and administrative departments in the research field. The information provided by our internal documentation service is helpful for our further research. Our team has a wealth of experience and knowledge, and can effectively extract accurate information from existing resources.

★Stage 2 PRIMARY RESEARCH:INTERVIEWS WITH TRADE SOURCES

After the first stage, the research team conducts a large number of face-to-face or telephone interviews with representative companies working in the research field. Analysts are trying to have an opportunity to talk to leading companies and small companies in the field. Upstream suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, importers, installers, wholesalers and consumers were included in the interview. The data collected during the interview were then carefully examined and compared with the secondary study.

★Stage 3 ANALYSIS OF THE GATHERED DATA

The analysis team examines and synthesizes the data collected in the first two stages. In order to validate the data, a second round of interviews can be conducted.

★Stage 4 QUANTITATIVE DATA

The quantitative data such as market estimates, production and capacity of manufacturer, market forecasts and investment feasibility is provided by our company. The data is based on the estimates obtained during stage 3.

★Stage 5 QUALITY CONTROL

Before publishing, each report undergoes a rigorous review and editing process, which is done by the experience management team to ensure the reliability of the published data. Every analyst on the research team receives support and continuous training as part of our internal quality process.

1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global Concrete Services Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
1.2.2 Lightweight Concrete
1.2.3 Heavy Concrete
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Concrete Services Market Growth by Application: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
1.3.2 Personal
1.3.3 Commercial
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Concrete Services Market Perspective (2021–2032)
2.2 Global Concrete Services Growth Trends by Region
2.2.1 Global Concrete Services Market Size by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
2.2.2 Concrete Services Historic Market Size by Region (2021–2026)
2.2.3 Concrete Services Forecasted Market Size by Region (2027–2032)
2.3 Concrete Services Market Dynamics
2.3.1 Concrete Services Industry Trends
2.3.2 Concrete Services Market Drivers
2.3.3 Concrete Services Market Challenges
2.3.4 Concrete Services Market Restraints
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
3.1 Global Top Concrete Services Players by Revenue
3.1.1 Global Top Concrete Services Players by Revenue (2021–2026)
3.1.2 Global Concrete Services Revenue Market Share by Players (2021–2026)
3.2 Global Top Concrete Services Players Market Share by Company Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3)
3.3 Global Key Players Ranking by Concrete Services Revenue
3.4 Global Concrete Services Market Concentration Ratio
3.4.1 Global Concrete Services Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Concrete Services Revenue in 2025
3.5 Global Key Players of Concrete Services Head Offices and Areas Served
3.6 Global Key Players of Concrete Services, Products and Applications
3.7 Global Key Players of Concrete Services, Date of General Availability (GA)
3.8 Mergers and Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Concrete Services Breakdown Data by Type
4.1 Global Concrete Services Historic Market Size by Type (2021–2026)
4.2 Global Concrete Services Forecasted Market Size by Type (2027–2032)
5 Concrete Services Breakdown Data by Application
5.1 Global Concrete Services Historic Market Size by Application (2021–2026)
5.2 Global Concrete Services Forecasted Market Size by Application (2027–2032)
6 North America
6.1 North America Concrete Services Market Size (2021–2032)
6.2 North America Concrete Services Market Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
6.3 North America Concrete Services Market Size by Country (2021–2026)
6.4 North America Concrete Services Market Size by Country (2027–2032)
6.5 United States
6.6 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Concrete Services Market Size (2021–2032)
7.2 Europe Concrete Services Market Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
7.3 Europe Concrete Services Market Size by Country (2021–2026)
7.4 Europe Concrete Services Market Size by Country (2027–2032)
7.5 Germany
7.6 France
7.7 U.K.
7.8 Italy
7.9 Russia
7.10 Ireland
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Concrete Services Market Size (2021–2032)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Concrete Services Market Growth Rate by Region: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
8.3 Asia-Pacific Concrete Services Market Size by Region (2021–2026)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Concrete Services Market Size by Region (2027–2032)
8.5 China
8.6 Japan
8.7 South Korea
8.8 Southeast Asia
8.9 India
8.10 Australia & New Zealand
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Concrete Services Market Size (2021–2032)
9.2 Latin America Concrete Services Market Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
9.3 Latin America Concrete Services Market Size by Country (2021–2026)
9.4 Latin America Concrete Services Market Size by Country (2027–2032)
9.5 Mexico
9.6 Brazil
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Concrete Services Market Size (2021–2032)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Concrete Services Market Growth Rate by Country: 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
10.3 Middle East & Africa Concrete Services Market Size by Country (2021–2026)
10.4 Middle East & Africa Concrete Services Market Size by Country (2027–2032)
10.5 Israel
10.6 Saudi Arabia
10.7 UAE
11 Key Players Profiles
11.1 Concrete Services
11.1.1 Concrete Services Company Details
11.1.2 Concrete Services Business Overview
11.1.3 Concrete Services Concrete Services Introduction
11.1.4 Concrete Services Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.1.5 Concrete Services Recent Development
11.2 Concrete Service Materials
11.2.1 Concrete Service Materials Company Details
11.2.2 Concrete Service Materials Business Overview
11.2.3 Concrete Service Materials Concrete Services Introduction
11.2.4 Concrete Service Materials Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.2.5 Concrete Service Materials Recent Development
11.3 The Concrete Service
11.3.1 The Concrete Service Company Details
11.3.2 The Concrete Service Business Overview
11.3.3 The Concrete Service Concrete Services Introduction
11.3.4 The Concrete Service Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.3.5 The Concrete Service Recent Development
11.4 Skyline Concrete Services
11.4.1 Skyline Concrete Services Company Details
11.4.2 Skyline Concrete Services Business Overview
11.4.3 Skyline Concrete Services Concrete Services Introduction
11.4.4 Skyline Concrete Services Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.4.5 Skyline Concrete Services Recent Development
11.5 Professional Concrete Services, Inc.
11.5.1 Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Company Details
11.5.2 Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Business Overview
11.5.3 Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Concrete Services Introduction
11.5.4 Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.5.5 Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Recent Development
11.6 Livingston's Concrete
11.6.1 Livingston's Concrete Company Details
11.6.2 Livingston's Concrete Business Overview
11.6.3 Livingston's Concrete Concrete Services Introduction
11.6.4 Livingston's Concrete Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.6.5 Livingston's Concrete Recent Development
11.7 Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC
11.7.1 Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Company Details
11.7.2 Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Business Overview
11.7.3 Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Concrete Services Introduction
11.7.4 Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.7.5 Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Recent Development
11.8 Coast Concrete Services
11.8.1 Coast Concrete Services Company Details
11.8.2 Coast Concrete Services Business Overview
11.8.3 Coast Concrete Services Concrete Services Introduction
11.8.4 Coast Concrete Services Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.8.5 Coast Concrete Services Recent Development
11.9 Martin Concrete
11.9.1 Martin Concrete Company Details
11.9.2 Martin Concrete Business Overview
11.9.3 Martin Concrete Concrete Services Introduction
11.9.4 Martin Concrete Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.9.5 Martin Concrete Recent Development
11.10 Heritage Concrete Service
11.10.1 Heritage Concrete Service Company Details
11.10.2 Heritage Concrete Service Business Overview
11.10.3 Heritage Concrete Service Concrete Services Introduction
11.10.4 Heritage Concrete Service Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.10.5 Heritage Concrete Service Recent Development
11.11 Xtreme
11.11.1 Xtreme Company Details
11.11.2 Xtreme Business Overview
11.11.3 Xtreme Concrete Services Introduction
11.11.4 Xtreme Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.11.5 Xtreme Recent Development
11.12 Trademark Concrete Inc
11.12.1 Trademark Concrete Inc Company Details
11.12.2 Trademark Concrete Inc Business Overview
11.12.3 Trademark Concrete Inc Concrete Services Introduction
11.12.4 Trademark Concrete Inc Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.12.5 Trademark Concrete Inc Recent Development
11.13 MWG Service
11.13.1 MWG Service Company Details
11.13.2 MWG Service Business Overview
11.13.3 MWG Service Concrete Services Introduction
11.13.4 MWG Service Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.13.5 MWG Service Recent Development
11.14 B & B Concrete Placement
11.14.1 B & B Concrete Placement Company Details
11.14.2 B & B Concrete Placement Business Overview
11.14.3 B & B Concrete Placement Concrete Services Introduction
11.14.4 B & B Concrete Placement Revenue in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
11.14.5 B & B Concrete Placement Recent Development
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Concrete Services Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 2. Key Players of Lightweight Concrete
Table 3. Key Players of Heavy Concrete
Table 4. Global Concrete Services Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 5. Global Concrete Services Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 6. Global Concrete Services Market Size by Region (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 7. Global Concrete Services Market Share by Region (2021–2026)
Table 8. Global Concrete Services Forecasted Market Size by Region (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 9. Global Concrete Services Market Share by Region (2027–2032)
Table 10. Concrete Services Market Trends
Table 11. Concrete Services Market Drivers
Table 12. Concrete Services Market Challenges
Table 13. Concrete Services Market Restraints
Table 14. Global Concrete Services Revenue by Players (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 15. Global Concrete Services Market Share by Players (2021–2026)
Table 16. Global Top Concrete Services Players by Tier (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), based on Concrete Services Revenue, 2025
Table 17. Ranking of Global Top Concrete Services Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2025
Table 18. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Concrete Services Revenue (CR5 and HHI), 2021–2026
Table 19. Global Key Players of Concrete Services, Headquarters and Area Served
Table 20. Global Key Players of Concrete Services, Products and Applications
Table 21. Global Key Players of Concrete Services, Date of General Availability (GA)
Table 22. Mergers and Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 23. Global Concrete Services Market Size by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 24. Global Concrete Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2021–2026)
Table 25. Global Concrete Services Forecasted Market Size by Type (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 26. Global Concrete Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2027–2032)
Table 27. Global Concrete Services Market Size by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 28. Global Concrete Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2021–2026)
Table 29. Global Concrete Services Forecasted Market Size by Application (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 30. Global Concrete Services Revenue Market Share by Application (2027–2032)
Table 31. North America Concrete Services Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 32. North America Concrete Services Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 33. North America Concrete Services Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 34. Europe Concrete Services Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 35. Europe Concrete Services Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 36. Europe Concrete Services Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 37. Asia-Pacific Concrete Services Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 38. Asia-Pacific Concrete Services Market Size by Region (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 39. Asia-Pacific Concrete Services Market Size by Region (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 40. Latin America Concrete Services Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 41. Latin America Concrete Services Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 42. Latin America Concrete Services Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 43. Middle East & Africa Concrete Services Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Table 44. Middle East & Africa Concrete Services Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 45. Middle East & Africa Concrete Services Market Size by Country (US$ Million), 2027–2032
Table 46. Concrete Services Company Details
Table 47. Concrete Services Business Overview
Table 48. Concrete Services Concrete Services Product
Table 49. Concrete Services Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 50. Concrete Services Recent Development
Table 51. Concrete Service Materials Company Details
Table 52. Concrete Service Materials Business Overview
Table 53. Concrete Service Materials Concrete Services Product
Table 54. Concrete Service Materials Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 55. Concrete Service Materials Recent Development
Table 56. The Concrete Service Company Details
Table 57. The Concrete Service Business Overview
Table 58. The Concrete Service Concrete Services Product
Table 59. The Concrete Service Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 60. The Concrete Service Recent Development
Table 61. Skyline Concrete Services Company Details
Table 62. Skyline Concrete Services Business Overview
Table 63. Skyline Concrete Services Concrete Services Product
Table 64. Skyline Concrete Services Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 65. Skyline Concrete Services Recent Development
Table 66. Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Company Details
Table 67. Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Business Overview
Table 68. Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Concrete Services Product
Table 69. Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 70. Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Recent Development
Table 71. Livingston's Concrete Company Details
Table 72. Livingston's Concrete Business Overview
Table 73. Livingston's Concrete Concrete Services Product
Table 74. Livingston's Concrete Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 75. Livingston's Concrete Recent Development
Table 76. Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Company Details
Table 77. Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Business Overview
Table 78. Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Concrete Services Product
Table 79. Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 80. Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Recent Development
Table 81. Coast Concrete Services Company Details
Table 82. Coast Concrete Services Business Overview
Table 83. Coast Concrete Services Concrete Services Product
Table 84. Coast Concrete Services Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 85. Coast Concrete Services Recent Development
Table 86. Martin Concrete Company Details
Table 87. Martin Concrete Business Overview
Table 88. Martin Concrete Concrete Services Product
Table 89. Martin Concrete Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 90. Martin Concrete Recent Development
Table 91. Heritage Concrete Service Company Details
Table 92. Heritage Concrete Service Business Overview
Table 93. Heritage Concrete Service Concrete Services Product
Table 94. Heritage Concrete Service Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 95. Heritage Concrete Service Recent Development
Table 96. Xtreme Company Details
Table 97. Xtreme Business Overview
Table 98. Xtreme Concrete Services Product
Table 99. Xtreme Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 100. Xtreme Recent Development
Table 101. Trademark Concrete Inc Company Details
Table 102. Trademark Concrete Inc Business Overview
Table 103. Trademark Concrete Inc Concrete Services Product
Table 104. Trademark Concrete Inc Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 105. Trademark Concrete Inc Recent Development
Table 106. MWG Service Company Details
Table 107. MWG Service Business Overview
Table 108. MWG Service Concrete Services Product
Table 109. MWG Service Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 110. MWG Service Recent Development
Table 111. B & B Concrete Placement Company Details
Table 112. B & B Concrete Placement Business Overview
Table 113. B & B Concrete Placement Concrete Services Product
Table 114. B & B Concrete Placement Revenue in Concrete Services Business (US$ Million), 2021–2026
Table 115. B & B Concrete Placement Recent Development
Table 116. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 117. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 118. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 119. Authors List of This Report


List of Figures
Figure 1. Concrete Services Picture
Figure 2. Global Concrete Services Market Size Comparison by Type (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 3. Global Concrete Services Market Share by Type: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 4. Lightweight Concrete Features
Figure 5. Heavy Concrete Features
Figure 6. Global Concrete Services Market Size by Application (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 7. Global Concrete Services Market Share by Application: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 8. Personal Case Studies
Figure 9. Commercial Case Studies
Figure 10. Concrete Services Report Years Considered
Figure 11. Global Concrete Services Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2021–2032
Figure 12. Global Concrete Services Market Size, (US$ Million), 2021 vs 2025 vs 2032
Figure 13. Global Concrete Services Market Share by Region: 2025 vs 2032
Figure 14. Global Concrete Services Market Share by Players in 2025
Figure 15. Global Concrete Services Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
Figure 16. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Concrete Services Revenue in 2025
Figure 17. North America Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 18. North America Concrete Services Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 19. United States Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 20. Canada Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 21. Europe Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 22. Europe Concrete Services Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 23. Germany Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 24. France Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 25. U.K. Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 26. Italy Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 27. Russia Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 28. Ireland Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 29. Asia-Pacific Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 30. Asia-Pacific Concrete Services Market Share by Region (2021–2032)
Figure 31. China Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 32. Japan Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 33. South Korea Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 34. Southeast Asia Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 35. India Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 36. Australia & New Zealand Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 37. Latin America Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 38. Latin America Concrete Services Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 39. Mexico Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 40. Brazil Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 41. Middle East & Africa Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 42. Middle East & Africa Concrete Services Market Share by Country (2021–2032)
Figure 43. Israel Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 44. Saudi Arabia Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 45. UAE Concrete Services Market Size YoY Growth (US$ Million), 2021–2032
Figure 46. Concrete Services Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 47. Concrete Service Materials Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 48. The Concrete Service Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 49. Skyline Concrete Services Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 50. Professional Concrete Services, Inc. Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 51. Livingston's Concrete Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 52. Easy Mix Concrete Services LLC Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 53. Coast Concrete Services Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 54. Martin Concrete Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 55. Heritage Concrete Service Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 56. Xtreme Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 57. Trademark Concrete Inc Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 58. MWG Service Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 59. B & B Concrete Placement Revenue Growth Rate in Concrete Services Business (2021–2026)
Figure 60. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 61. Data Triangulation
Figure 62. Key Executives Interviewed